Bioinspired Self‐Assembled Gradient‐Structured Dual‐Modal Sensor with Extended Range and Durability

Abstract

Abstract The growing demand for advanced sensors in intelligent robotics, augmented reality (AR/VR), embodied intelligence, and human‐machine interaction (HMI) has driven significant interest in dual‐modal sensors capable of both tactile and touchless sensing, particularly for enhancing accuracy and adaptability in dynamic and complex environments. However, current designs often face challenges related to interfacial mismatches between layers, resulting in delamination and compromised durability under mechanical stress. Here, inspired by the sensory systems of knifefish, a novel dual‐modal sensor is presented that employs gravity‐driven self‐assembly to integrate 2D transition metal borides (MBene) nanosheets and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) within a porous polyurethane foam (PUF) matrix. This gradient‐structured composite improves stress dispersion, sensitivity, and stability by leveraging the Maxwell‐Wagner polarization, leading to enhanced dielectric properties and extended touchless sensing capabilities. The sensor achieves a wide pressure detection range (16 Pa‐11.3 MPa), exceptional durability (>200 000 cycles), and a touchless sensing range of up to 25 cm. Demonstrated applications, including robotic fruit sorting, remote handwriting, and touchless piano performance, highlight the sensor's potential to drive the development of next‐generation intelligent electronic devices.