Vascular Morphogenesis Controller: A Distributed Controller for Growing Artificial Structures

摘要

It is a challenging task to develop morphologies of structures in response to dynamic environmental factors and constraints. In the context of the EU-funded project flora robotica [1] we are interested in developing selforganized methods that combine local considerations and global requirements and drive the development of structures. Embryogenetic development of biological organisms and cell differentiation are studied for a long time in evolutionary developmental biology (EvoDevo) [2], [3]. Some of the mechanisms from that field are already applied to pattern formation [4] and development of body morphologies [5], [6] and controllers [7] in evolutionary robotics [8] and modular robotics [9]. In this work, vascular system and branching dynamics of plants are used as the source of inspiration for designing a novel algorithm called "Vascular Morphogenesis Controller" (VMC) that is applied to morphological development of modular structures. Plant vessels develop in the stems and roots. They transport water and minerals from the roots to the leaves, and sugars and photosynthates from the leaves to other parts of the plant [10]. There are evidences [11], [12] suggesting that there is a competition between different branches over the vascular growth. The branches that are in better situations (e.g., get more light) produce more photosynthates that flow back from the leaves. The higher flow rate leads to more vascular tissues in the branch and therefore more water and minerals from the roots reach the branch. More water and minerals facilitate the growth of the branch and the branch may end up in an even better situation which in turn reinforces the growth. Different branches with their different local conditions compete over production of new vessels. On the other hand, global resources (i.e., water) are limited and the vessels are subject to degradation as well. Based on the positive and negative feedback loops established by this competition and limitation, a dynamic system of vessels shape the growth of the plants.