Tracking (education)
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Tracking in robotics and AI refers to the computational and control methods used to continuously follow, estimate, or maintain the state of objects, agents, or systems as they change over time. It encompasses two broad areas: **perception-based tracking**, where sensors and algorithms monitor moving objects, people, or environmental features (such as multi-object tracking in video, 3D pose estimation, or simultaneous localization and mapping), and **control-based tracking**, where feedback and feedforward controllers drive a robot to follow a desired trajectory or reference signal with minimal error. In robotics, tracking is foundational to autonomous navigation, visual servoing, human-robot interaction, and manipulation. Techniques range from probabilistic filters (e.g., Kalman and particle filters) and deep learning approaches for perceptual tracking, to sliding mode control, neural network controllers, and iterative learning control for trajectory following. Tracking matters because nearly every real-world robotic task is dynamic — robots must respond to moving targets, changing environments, and evolving goals. Accurate, robust tracking enables safe autonomous vehicles, responsive assistive robots, and precise industrial manipulators, making it one of the most critical capabilities bridging perception, planning, and control in modern robotics systems.
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Top Cited Papers
Parallel Tracking and Mapping for Small AR Workspaces
Georg Klein, David W. Murray
Citations: 4244 • 2007
Tracking control of non-linear systems using sliding surfaces, with application to robot manipulators†
J.-J.E. Slotine, Shankar Sastry
Citations: 1788 • 1983
Zero Phase Error Tracking Algorithm for Digital Control
Masayoshi Tomizuka
Citations: 1470 • 1987
Argoverse: 3D Tracking and Forecasting With Rich Maps
Ming-Fang Chang, John Lambert, Patsorn Sangkloy, Jagjeet Singh, Sławomir Bąk, Andrew T. Hartnett, Wang De, Peter Carr, Simon Lucey, Deva Ramanan, James Hays
Citations: 1420 • 2019
A stable tracking control method for an autonomous mobile robot
Yutaka Kanayama, Yuuki Kimura, F. Miyazaki, Takao Noguchi
Citations: 1414 • 2002
Multilayer neural-net robot controller with guaranteed tracking performance
Frank L. Lewis, Aydın Yeşildirek, Kai Liu
Citations: 1107 • 1996
Tracking Control of Mobile Robots: A Case Study in Backstepping**This paper was not presented at any IFAC meeting. This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Associate Editor Alberto Isidori under the direction of Editor Tamer Başar.
ZHONG-PING JIANGdagger, Henk Nijmeijer
Citations: 823 • 1997
Iterative learning control and repetitive control for engineering practice
Richard W. Longman
Citations: 778 • 2000
A survey of glove-based input
David J. Sturman, Lonnie K. Zeltzer
Citations: 725 • 1994
Learning to Track: Online Multi-object Tracking by Decision Making
Xiang Yu, Alexandre Alahi, Silvio Savarese
Citations: 716 • 2015
Feedback stabilization and tracking of constrained robots
N. Harris McClamroch, D. Wang
Citations: 703 • 1988
Soliton microcomb range measurement
Myoung‐Gyun Suh, Kerry J. Vahala
Citations: 690 • 2018
Bayesian approach to extended object and cluster tracking using random matrices
Wolfgang Koch
Citations: 666 • 2008
Towards robotic assistants in nursing homes: Challenges and results
Joëlle Pineau, Michael Montemerlo, Martha E. Pollack, Nicholas Roy, Sebastian Thrun
Citations: 649 • 2003
Neural net robot controller with guaranteed tracking performance
Frank L. Lewis, K. Liu, Aydın Yeşildirek
Citations: 638 • 1995
Simultaneous Localization, Mapping and Moving Object Tracking
Chieh‐Chih Wang, C. Thorpe, Sebastian Thrun, Martial Hebert, Hugh Durrant‐Whyte
Citations: 592 • 2007
Visual tracking of a moving target by a camera mounted on a robot: a combination of control and vision
Nikos Papanikolopoulos, P.K. Khosla, Takeo Kanade
Citations: 561 • 1993
Explorations in engagement for humans and robots
Candace L. Sidner, Christopher Lee, Cory D. Kidd, Neal Lesh, Charles Rich
Citations: 547 • 2005
Time-Optimal Path Tracking for Robots: A Convex Optimization Approach
Diederik Verscheure, Bram Demeulenaere, Jan Swevers, Joris De Schutter, Moritz Diehl
Citations: 538 • 2009
Terminal sliding mode control for rigid robots
Yu Tang
Citations: 531 • 1998