Genetics
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About
Genetics is the scientific study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation in living organisms. It examines how DNA sequences encode biological information, how traits are inherited across generations, and how mutations drive both normal diversity and disease. In robotics and AI, genetic principles are leveraged across multiple domains: DNA microarrays and next-generation sequencing enable high-throughput profiling of gene expression, while single-cell transcriptomics reveals the molecular identity of individual cells with unprecedented resolution. Machine learning models help identify protein-coding regions within vast genomic sequences, predict gene function, and interpret complex expression patterns. Beyond analysis, genetic tools such as targeted gene knockouts and CRISPR-based genome editing allow systematic manipulation of biological systems. Remarkably, DNA itself is being engineered as a programmable material, with DNA nanorobots performing targeted therapeutic tasks in vivo. Genetics matters because it underpins precision medicine, accelerates drug discovery, improves crop resilience, and provides the biological blueprints that increasingly inspire and inform the design of intelligent, adaptive systems.
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Quantitative Monitoring of Gene Expression Patterns with a Complementary DNA Microarray
Mark Schena, Dari Shalon, Ronald W. Davis, Patrick O. Brown
Citations: 9594 • 1995
The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics
Elaine R. Mardis
Citations: 2045 • 2008
Parallel human genome analysis: microarray-based expression monitoring of 1000 genes.
Mark Schena, Dari Shalon, Renu A. Heller, Anwei Chai, P O Brown, Ronald W. Davis
Citations: 1608 • 1996
A Single-Cell Transcriptome Atlas of the Human Pancreas
Mauro J. Muraro, Gitanjali Dharmadhikari, Dominic Grün, Nathalie Gröen, Tim Dielen, Erik W.L. Jansen, Léon van Gurp, Marten A. Engelse, Françoise Carlotti, Eelco J.P. de Koning, Alexander van Oudenaarden
Citations: 1505 • 2016
A DNA nanorobot functions as a cancer therapeutic in response to a molecular trigger in vivo
Suping Li, Qiao Jiang, Shaoli Liu, Yinlong Zhang, Yanhua Tian, Jing Wang, Yiguo Zou, Gregory J. Anderson, Jing-Yan Han, Yung Chang, Yan Liu, Chen Zhang, Liang Chen, Guang‐Biao Zhou, Guangjun Nie, Hao Yan, Baoquan Ding, Yuliang Zhao
Citations: 1480 • 2018
A high-throughput gene knockout procedure for <i>Neurospora</i> reveals functions for multiple transcription factors
Hildur V. Colot, Gyungsoon Park, G. Turner, Carol S. Ringelberg, Christopher M. Crew, Liubov Litvinkova, Richard L. Weiss, Katherine A. Borkovich, Jay Dunlap
Citations: 1143 • 2006
Progress with gene‐product mapping of the Mollicutes: <i>Mycoplasma genitalium</i>
Valerie C. Wasinger, Stuart J. Cordwell, Anne Poljak, Jun X. Yan, Andrew A. Gooley, Marc R. Wilkins, Mark W. Duncan, R. J. Harris, Keith L. Williams, Ian Humphery‐Smith
Citations: 946 • 1995
Protein microarrays for highly parallel detection and quantitation of specific proteins and antibodies in complex solutions
Brian B. Haab, Maitreya J. Dunham, Patrick O. Brown
Citations: 891 • 2001
DNA chips: State-of-the art
G. Ramsay
Citations: 789 • 1998
Lights, camera, action: high-throughput plant phenotyping is ready for a close-up
Noah Fahlgren, Malia Gehan, Ivan Baxter
Citations: 707 • 2015
Advancing Crop Transformation in the Era of Genome Editing
Fredy Altpeter, Nathan M. Springer, Laura Bartley, Ann E. Blechl, Thomas P. Brutnell, Vitaly Citovsky, Liza Conrad, Stanton B. Gelvin, David Jackson, Albert P. Kausch, Peggy G. Lemaux, June I. Medford, Martha Orozo-Cardenas, David M. Tricoli, Joyce Van Eck, Daniel F. Voytas, Virginia Walbot, Kan Wang, Zhanyuan J. Zhang, C. Neal Stewart
Citations: 688 • 2016
Autoantigen microarrays for multiplex characterization of autoantibody responses
William H. Robinson, Carla DiGennaro, Wolfgang Hueber, Brian B. Haab, Makoto Kamachi, Erik J. Dean, Sylvie Fournel, Derek A. Fong, Mark C. Genovese, Henry E. Neuman de Vegvar, Karl Skriner, David L. Hirschberg, Robert I. Morris, Sylviane Muller, Ger J.M. Pruijn, Walther J. van Venrooij, Josef S. Smolen, Patrick O. Brown, Lawrence Steinman, Paul J. Utz
Citations: 677 • 2002
Functional genomic hypothesis generation and experimentation by a robot scientist
Ross D. King, Kenneth E. Whelan, Ffion Mair Jones, Philip G. K. Reiser, Christopher H. Bryant, Stephen Muggleton, Douglas B. Kell, Stephen G. Oliver
Citations: 660 • 2004
Locating protein-coding regions in human DNA sequences by a multiple sensor-neural network approach.
Edward C. Uberbacher, Richard Mural
Citations: 658 • 1991
Antibody arrays for high-throughput screening of antibody–antigen interactions
Ruud M. T. de Wildt, Chris R. Mundy, B.D. Gorick, Ian M. Tomlinson
Citations: 627 • 2000
A cargo-sorting DNA robot
Anupama J. Thubagere, Wei Li, Robert F. Johnson, Zibo Chen, Shayan Doroudi, Yae Lim Lee, Gregory Izatt, Sarah Wittman, Niranjan Srinivas, Damien Woods, Erik Winfree, Lulu Qian
Citations: 560 • 2017
A New Vector for High-Throughput, Ligation-Independent Cloning Encoding a Tobacco Etch Virus Protease Cleavage Site
Lucy Stols, Minyi Gu, Lynda Dieckman, Rosemarie Raffen, F. Collart, Mark I. Donnelly
Citations: 541 • 2002
Combinatorial labeling of single cells for gene expression cytometry
H. Christina Fan, Glenn K. Fu, Stephen P. A. Fodor
Citations: 467 • 2015
High-Throughput Screening Enhances Kidney Organoid Differentiation from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells and Enables Automated Multidimensional Phenotyping
Stefan Czerniecki, Nelly M. Cruz, Jennifer L. Harder, Rajasree Menon, James Annis, Edgar A. Otto, Ramila E. Gulieva, Laura Islas, Yong Kyun Kim, Linh M. Tran, Timothy J. Martins, Jeffrey W. Pippin, Hongxia Fu, Matthias Kretzler, Stuart J. Shankland, Jonathan Himmelfarb, Randall T. Moon, Neal Paragas, Benjamin Freedman
Citations: 461 • 2018
High-throughput SNP genotyping on universal bead arrays
Richard Shen, Jian‐Bing Fan, Derek Campbell, Weihua Chang, Jing Chen, Dennis Doucet, Jo Yeakley, Marina Bibikova, Eliza Wickham Garcia, Celeste McBride, Frank J. Steemers, Francisco García‐García, Bahram G. Kermani, Kevin L. Gunderson, Arnold Oliphant
Citations: 435 • 2005