Sandra Wachter

Papers

Total Citations

398

H-Index

About

Sandra Wachter is a leading scholar in the ethics and regulation of artificial intelligence, with a focus on ensuring that emerging technologies are fair, transparent, and accountable. Her foundational 2017 paper, "Transparent, explainable, and accountable AI for robotics" (398 citations), established a critical framework for how we must regulate and audit inscrutable AI systems. This work, along with her broader research on algorithmic fairness, data protection, and the legal implications of AI, has made her one of the most influential voices in technology law and ethics. A Professor of Technology and Regulation at the Oxford Internet Institute, Wachter is known for pioneering concepts like "counterfactual explanations" for algorithmic decision-making, which have shaped both academic debate and real-world policy. Her work consistently bridges the gap between technical possibility and legal necessity, earning her widespread recognition as a key architect of the principles that now guide responsible AI development.