Micro/nanodevice-loaded minimally invasive robot for hematoma evacuation: A novel technology for primary brainstem hemorrhage treatment

Abstract

The brainstem, often referred to as the “vital center of life,” controls functions such as breathing, heartbeat, consciousness, and sensory and motor functions. It is densely packed with structures responsible for critical physiological functions; thus, even a minimal hemorrhage in the brainstem can be life-threatening. Primary brainstem hemorrhage (PBSH) accounts for approximately 6%–10% of all intracerebral hemorrhages and represents the most fatal subtype, with mortality rates as high as 80% in cases of massive bleeding.