Strength and deformation of planetary lithospheres

摘要

Robotic missions to destinations throughout our solar system have illuminated in increasing detail evidence of past and present tectonics combined with manifestations of internal dynamics. Interpretation of observations, such as sustenance of high mountains on Venus for potentially hundreds of millions of years, formation of the grooved terrain on the surface of Ganymede, and tidally driven tectonics and volcanism on Io, requires the application of realistic constitutive equations describing the rheological properties for the materials that constitute the crusts and interiors of these planetary bodies. Appropriate flow laws can only be derived from careful experimental studies under conditions that may be reliably extrapolated to those believed to exist on and in the planetary body under consideration. In addition, knowledge of the appropriate rheological behavior may, coupled with measurements made from orbiting satellites, enable the determination of geophysical properties, such as heat flow, that are otherwise not quantifiable without an expensive surface mission. In this chapter, we review the current state of knowledge of the rheological properties of materials appropriate to understanding tectonic behavior and interior dynamics for the terrestrial planets as well as the major Jovian satellites. We then discuss the utility of experimentally constrained constitutive equations in understanding large-scale processes on Venus, Mars, Europa, Ganymede and Io.