Hydrothermal synthesis
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Hydrothermal synthesis is a materials fabrication technique that uses high-temperature aqueous solutions under elevated pressure to drive chemical reactions and produce crystalline materials, nanoparticles, and complex compounds that would be difficult to form under ambient conditions. In robotics and AI research, it appears most prominently in automated and high-throughput laboratory systems, where robotic platforms and machine learning algorithms are used to systematically explore and optimize synthesis parameters such as temperature, pressure, pH, and precursor concentrations. For example, continuous hydrothermal flow reactors combined with combinatorial robots can rapidly generate entire libraries of nanoceramic compositions, while genetic algorithms help navigate complex synthesis spaces for materials like metal-organic frameworks. This matters because materials discovery is traditionally slow and labor-intensive; integrating hydrothermal synthesis with autonomous robotic systems and AI-driven optimization dramatically accelerates the identification of new functional materials—including catalysts, battery components, and sensing materials—making it a key enabler of self-driving laboratories and intelligent materials design pipelines.
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High-Throughput Continuous Hydrothermal Synthesis of an Entire Nanoceramic Phase Diagram
Xiaole Weng, Jeremy K. Cockcroft, Geoffrey Hyett, Martin Vickers, Paul Boldrin, Chiu C. Tang, Stephen P. Thompson, Julia E. Parker, Jonathan C. Knowles, Ihtesham Ur Rehman, Ivan P. Parkin, Julian Evans, Jawwad A. Darr
Citations: 70 • 2009
High-throughput continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis of Zn–Ce oxides: unprecedented solubility of Zn in the nanoparticle fluorite lattice
Suela Kellici, Kenan Gong, Tian Lin, S. Brown, Robin J. H. Clark, Martin Vickers, Jeremy K. Cockcroft, Vesna Middelkoop, P. Barnes, James M. Perkins, Christopher J. Tighe, Jawwad A. Darr
Citations: 37 • 2010
Using genetic algorithms to systematically improve the synthesis conditions of Al-PMOF
Nency P. Domingues, Seyed Mohamad Moosavi, Leopold Talirz, Kevin Maik Jablonka, Christopher P. Ireland, Fatmah Mish Ebrahim, Berend Smit
Citations: 26 • 2022
The Rapid Automated Materials Synthesis Instrument (RAMSI): A High Throughput Combinatorial Robot for Nanoceramics Discovery
Tian Lin, Suela Kellici, Ke Nan Gong, Kathryn Thompson, Jawwad A. Darr
Citations: 11 • 2010
Urethane functions can reduce metal salts under hydrothermal conditions: synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles on flexible sponges applied in semi-automated organic reduction
Olivier Gazil, Johannes Bernardi, Arthur Lassus, Nick Virgilio, Miriam M. Unterlass
Citations: 9 • 2023
Using genetic algorithms to systematically improve the synthesis conditions of Al-PMOF
Nency P. Domingues, Seyed Mohamad Moosavi, Leopold Talirz, Christopher P. Ireland, Fatmah Mish Ebrahim, Berend Smit
Citations: 4 • 2022