Physics

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Physics forms the foundational scientific framework governing how robots and AI systems understand, model, and interact with the physical world. It encompasses the laws and principles describing motion, forces, energy, materials, and dynamics that underpin virtually every aspect of robotic system design and operation. In robotics, physics is applied across multiple domains: classical mechanics drives robot kinematics and dynamics modeling, enabling accurate prediction of joint torques and end-effector motion; control theory leverages physical principles to design stable, responsive systems through techniques like sliding mode control and nonlinear feedback; and material physics informs the development of soft actuators, electronic skins, and ferromagnetic smart materials. Physics also governs locomotion strategies—from bipedal walking and fish-inspired swimming to continuum robot bending—grounded in rigid-body dynamics, fluid mechanics, and elasticity theory. For AI, physical models provide structured priors that improve learning efficiency and generalization in motor tasks and motion planning. Understanding physics is essential because it constrains what robots can realistically achieve, ensures that designs are safe and energy-efficient, and allows engineers to build systems that reliably operate in complex, dynamic real-world environments.

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