It's as Easy as 123: Multiple Programming Approaches on a Single Device to Support Novices

Abstract

This paper introduces VEX 123, a robot that can be programmed via four distinct methods designed to support users at all levels of programming ability, ranging from young users who cannot yet read to professional programmers. The VEX 123 can be programmed by: (1) directly pressing buttons on its exterior; (2) using a tangible programming approach based on a physical Coder and Coder Cards; (3) defining instructions with a block-based programming language; and (4) using the Python programming language. In providing a range of programming approaches, the VEX 123 can meet the user at their current level of ability and comfort while also providing mechanisms to help them move from basic to more sophisticated and powerful programming approaches. In supporting four distinct programing approaches that span physical and virtual contexts, the VEX 123 contributes a novel addition to the growing ecosystem of tools designed to introduce novices to the practice of programming.