Intraoperative imaging techniques for robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy: where do we stand?

Abstract

Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy is currently the gold standard treatment for localized selected cT1 and cT2 renal tumors. This narrative review aims to analyze the technologies employed in this procedure to increase the precision and accuracy of the surgeon, in order to obtain adequate oncological radicality, negative surgical margins, and good preservation of renal function. In this scenario, new technologies are developing, from three-dimensional reconstructions to artificial intelligence up to the new concept of metaverse.