Endometriosis and Cardiovascular Disease: Exploring Pathophysiological Interconnections and Risk Mechanisms

Abstract

Endometriosis, traditionally viewed as a gynecological disorder, is increasingly recognized as a systemic disease with significant cardiovascular implications. Recent studies suggest that women with endometriosis are at higher risk for developing atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), due to chronic systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and metabolic disturbances. This review aimed to summarize current evidence on the vascular implications of endometriosis. A literature search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar, focusing on studies exploring the relationship between endometriosis and cardiovascular risk. In rare cases, endometriosis can affect extrapelvic locations such as the diaphragm or pericardium, presenting with cyclical chest pain or dyspnea and mimicking cardiopulmonary conditions. These atypical manifestations often delay diagnosis and highlight the need for heightened clinical awareness. Advances in imaging and minimally invasive techniques, including robotic surgery, have improved the detection and management of such presentations. Shared molecular pathways between endometriosis and CVDs, including pro-inflammatory cytokines and metabolic dysregulation, provide a rationale for exploring novel therapeutic approaches. Emerging pharmacologic options such as statins, metformin, or antiplatelet agents may offer dual benefits for both reproductive and cardiovascular health. Given the multifactorial nature of endometriosis, a multidisciplinary approach involving gynecologists, cardiologists, and primary care providers is essential. These findings highlight the need for early cardiovascular risk assessment and tailored preventive strategies in this population.