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Robotic Nissen Fundoplication

Guy-Bernard Cadière, Jacqués Himpens, J. Bruyns, E. Capelluto, Quentin Gaudissart, Renato Costi, Pierre Youatou

Year
2002
Citations
3

Abstract

Summary: Background: Laparoscopic surgery is beneficial to the patient but challenging for the surgeon. The visual axis is not the same as the operative axis. The surgeon must manipulate long, sharp instruments through a fixed opening under the control of a two-dimensional monitor and without the help of any tactile sensation. The body cavity is penetrated by cannulas, which cannot be interchanged, so that the surgeon is obliged to move around the patient in order to reach the best position for every step of the procedure.Methods: A computer interface in command of a mechanical system (robot) makes it possible: 1) To regain several lost degrees of freedom through intra-abdominal articulations; 2) to obtain better visual control of instrument manipulation thanks to three-dimensional vision; 3) to modulate amplitude of surgical motions by downscaling and stabilization; 4) to operate at distance from the patient.These possibilities lead to improved surgical performance. In addition, the surgeon operates in an ergonomically correct position. The robot (da Vinci™ System, Intuitive Surgical, Mountain View, CA, USA) consists of a console and a surgical cart, which supports three articulated robotic arms. The surgeon sits at the console where he or she manipulates joystick-like handles while observing the operating field through binoculars that provide a three-dimensional image. This computer is capable of modulating data by eliminating physiologic tremor and by downscaling the amplitude of motions by a factor of 5 or 3 to 1.Results: The first robot-assisted procedure in a human was performed in March 1997 by our team. Since then, we have used robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery for 147 procedures, including 39 anti-reflux operations. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of telesurgery on humans in a variety of procedures including robotic Nissen fundoplication, with no morbidity specifically related to the use of robotics, and with acceptable operative times.Conclusions: In its present embodiment, the system seems most efficient when involved in microsuturing within the abdomen or in very confined spaces. Improved ergonomic conditions and improved instrument mobility at the level of distal articulation seem beneficial in routine abdominal procedures. More research is necessary for further improvement in tool configuration and visualization. The robotic approach implies new operative strategies, including specific trocar placement. Zusammenfassung: Grundlagen: Während das laparoskopische Vorgehen für den Patienten Vorteile mit sich bringt, überwiegen für den Chirurgen gewisse Nachteile. Blickrichtung und operative Ausführung liegen auf verschiedenen räumlichen Ebenen. Der Chirurg führt lange, scharfe – durch Trokare fix positionierte – Instrumente. Dabei kontrolliert er seine Bewegungen lediglich über ein zweidimensionales Monitorbild und verfügt über kein taktiles Feedback. Da das Wechseln der Trokare nicht ganz unproblematisch ist, muß der Chirurg seine Position dem jeweiligen Akt anpassen.Methodik: Durch ein Computer-gesteuertes mechanisches System (Roboter) wird folgendes ermöglicht: 1) Wettmachen der Bewegungseinschränkung durch intraabdominelle Gelenke; 2) bessere visuelle Kontrolle der Manipulationen durch dreidimensionale Darstellung des Operationsfeldes; 3) die Amplituden der Bewegungen der Hand des Chirurgen können moduliert und stabilisiert werden; 4) es kann abseits vom Patienten operiert werden.Die Performance und die ergonomischen Bedingungen für den Chirurgen wurden verbessert. Der Roboter (da Vinci™ System, Intuitive Surgical, Mountain View, CA, USA) besteht aus einer Konsole und einem Wagen mit drei Roboterarmen. Der Chirurg sitzt an der Konsole, bewegt Joystick-ähnliche Handgriffe und schaut in ein dreidimensionales Operationsfeld. Durch den Computer können Zitterbewegungen eliminiert und die Bewegungsamplituden um den Faktor 5 bzw. 3 zu 1 moduliert werden.Ergebnisse: Weltweit der erste roboter-assistierte Eingriff

Keywords

JoystickArtificial intelligenceComputer scienceComputer visionSurgical robotRobotLaparoscopic surgeryRoboticsSimulationSurgery

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