Two years into the COVID-19 pandemic: implications for the cardiac catheterization laboratory and its current practices

Abstract

COVID-19 continues to overwhelm healthcare systems. During the peak of the pandemic, cardiac catheterization labs across the world observed a significant decrease in procedure volumes due to several reasons, including reallocation of medical resources, deployment of interventional cardiologists to the COVID-19 wards, and physician and patient concerns about viral transmission. In particular, structural heart disease interventions experienced a significant reduction in volume by more than 90%. To address these challenges, healthcare systems employed new safety measures and protocols, including COVID-19 rapid polymerase chain reaction pretesting, Personal Protective Equipment, and vaccination mandates to ensure safety of patients and healthcare workers. Although these measures partly addressed safety concerns, diagnosis and management of acute myocardial injury remained challenging throughout the pandemic. While the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to myocardial injury is not fully elucidated, most studies have suggested COVID-19 is a pro-inflammatory disease associated with a hypercoagulable state. Ongoing randomized studies are evaluating the efficacy of more aggressive antithrombic regimens in COVID-19. In addition, the presentation of acute coronary syndrome with concomitant COVID-19 infection is variable, more likely atypical, delayed, and is associated with higher rates of adverse cardiovascular events and death. It was necessary to implement protocols to expedite diagnosis, triage and management of patients with acute coronary syndrome, while minimizing the risk of viral transmission to hospital staff. Robotic percutaneous coronary intervention may offer in the future a potential solution to many of the safety concerns faced by interventional cardiologists during the COVID-19 era; however, it has its own set of limitations.