Different Synchrony in Rhythmic Movement Caused by Morphological Difference between Five- and Six-armed Brittle Stars

Abstract

Physiological experiments and mathematical models have supported that neuronal activity is crucial for coordinating rhythmic movements in animals. On the other hand, robotics studies have suggested the importance of physical properties made by body structure, i.e. morphology. However, it remains unclear how morphology affects movement coordination in animals, independent of neuronal activity. To begin to understand this issue, our study reports a rhythmic movement in the green brittle star Ophiarachna incrassata. We found this animal moved five radially symmetric parts in a well-ordered unsynchronized pattern. We built a phenomenological model where internal fluid flows between the five body parts to explain the coordinated pattern without considering neuronal activity. Changing the number of the body parts from five to six, we simulated a synchronized pattern, which was demonstrated also by an individual with six symmetric parts. Our model suggests a different number in morphology makes a different fluid flow, leading to a different synchronization pattern in the animal.