Robot-Assisted Insular Depth Electrode Implantation Through Oblique Trajectories: 3-Dimensional Anatomical Nuances, Technique, Accuracy, and Safety

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The insula is a deep cortical structure that has renewed interest in epilepsy investigation. Invasive EEG recordings of this region have been challenging. Robot-assisted stereotactic electroencephalography has improved feasibility and safety of such procedures. OBJECTIVE: To describe technical nuances of three-dimensional (3D) oblique trajectories for insular robot-assisted depth electrode implantation. METHODS: Fifty patients who underwent robot-assisted depth electrode implantation between June 2017 and December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Insular electrodes were implanted through oblique, orthogonal, or parasagittal trajectories. Type of trajectories, accuracy, number of contacts within insular cortex, imaging, and complication rates were analyzed. Cadaveric and computerized tomography/magnetic resonance imaging 3D reconstructions were used to visualize insular anatomy and the technical implications of oblique trajectories. RESULTS: Forty-one patients (98 insular electrodes) were included. Thirty (73.2%) patients had unilateral insular coverage. Average insular electrodes per patient was 2.4. The mean number of contacts was 7.1 (SD ± 2.91) for all trajectories and 8.3 (SD ± 1.51) for oblique insular trajectories. The most frequently used was the oblique trajectory (85 electrodes). Mean entry point error was 1.5 mm (0.2-2.8) and target error was 2.4 mm (0.8-4.0), 2.0 mm (1.1-2.9) for anterior oblique and 2.8 mm (0.8-4.9) for posterior oblique trajectories. There were no complications related to insular electrodes. CONCLUSION: Oblique trajectories are the preferred method for insular investigation at our institution, maximizing the number of contacts within insular cortex without traversing through sulci or major CSF fissures. Robot-assisted procedures are safe and efficient. 3D understanding of the insula's unique anatomical features can help the surgeon to improve targeting of this structure.