No fair!!

Abstract

Using a humanoid robot and a simple children's game, we examine the degree to which variations in behavior result in attributions of mental state and intentionality. Participants play the well-known children's game "rock-paper-scissors" against a robot that either plays fairly, or that cheats in one of two ways. In the "verbal cheat" condition, the robot announces the wrong outcome on several rounds which it loses, declaring itself the winner. In the "action cheat"' condition, the robot changes its gesture after seeing its opponent's play. We find that participants display a greater level of social engagement and make greater attributions of mental state when playing against the robot in the conditions in which it cheats.