Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Intra- and Interindividual Variation in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid

Abstract

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a potential source of biomarkers for many disorders of the central nervous system, including Alzheimer disease (AD). Prior to comparing CSF samples between individuals to identify patterns of disease-associated proteins, it is important to examine variation within individuals over a short period of time so that one can better interpret potential changes in CSF between individuals as well as changes within a given individual over a longer time span. In this study, we analyzed 12 CSF samples, composed of pairs of samples from six individuals, obtained 2 weeks apart. Multiaffinity depletion, two-dimensional DIGE, and tandem mass spectrometry were used. A number of proteins whose abundance varied between the two time points was identified for each individual. Some of these proteins were commonly identified in multiple individuals. More importantly, despite the intraindividual variations, hierarchical clustering and multidimensional scaling analysis of the proteomic profiles revealed that two CSF samples from the same individual cluster the closest together and that the between-subject variability is much larger than the within-subject variability. Among the six subjects, comparison between the four cognitively normal and the two very mildly demented subjects also yielded some proteins that have been identified in previous AD biomarker studies. These results validate our method of identifying differences in proteomic profiles of CSF samples and have important implications for the design of CSF biomarker studies for AD and other central nervous system disorders. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a potential source of biomarkers for many disorders of the central nervous system, including Alzheimer disease (AD). Prior to comparing CSF samples between individuals to identify patterns of disease-associated proteins, it is important to examine variation within individuals over a short period of time so that one can better interpret potential changes in CSF between individuals as well as changes within a given individual over a longer time span. In this study, we analyzed 12 CSF samples, composed of pairs of samples from six individuals, obtained 2 weeks apart. Multiaffinity depletion, two-dimensional DIGE, and tandem mass spectrometry were used. A number of proteins whose abundance varied between the two time points was identified for each individual. Some of these proteins were commonly identified in multiple individuals. More importantly, despite the intraindividual variations, hierarchical clustering and multidimensional scaling analysis of the proteomic profiles revealed that two CSF samples from the same individual cluster the closest together and that the between-subject variability is much larger than the within-subject variability. Among the six subjects, comparison between the four cognitively normal and the two very mildly demented subjects also yielded some proteins that have been identified in previous AD biomarker studies. These results validate our method of identifying differences in proteomic profiles of CSF samples and have important implications for the design of CSF biomarker studies for AD and other central nervous system disorders. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 1The abbreviations used are: CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; AD, Alzheimer disease; 2-D, two-dimensional; 3-D, three-dimensional; Aβ, amyloid β; 2-DE, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis; Cy2, 3-[(4-carboxymethyl)-phenylmethyl]-3′-ethyloxacarbocyanine halide N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester; Cy3, 1-(5-carboxypentyl)-1′-propylindocarbocyanine halide N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester; Cy5, 1-(5-carboxypentyl)-1′-methylindodicarbocyanine halide N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester; LP, lumbar puncture; CDR, Clinical Dementia Rating; DIA, Differential In-gel Analysis; BVA, Biological Variation Analysis; apoE, apolipoprotein E; T1, time point 1; T2, time point 2. 1The abbreviations used are: CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; AD, Alzheimer disease; 2-D, two-dimensional; 3-D, thre