Conversational informatics : an engineering approach

摘要

Preface. List of Contributors. 1 Introduction (Toyoaki Nishida). 1.1 Conversation: the Most Natural Means of Communication. 1.2 An Engineering Approach to Conversation. 1.3 Towards a Breakthrough. 1.4 Approaches Used in Conversational Informatics. 1.5 Conversational Artifacts. 1.6 Conversational Content. 1.7 Conversational Environment Design. 1.8 Conversation Measurement, Analysis, and Modeling. 1.9 Underlying Methodology. References. Part I Conversational Artifacts. 2 Conversational Agents and the Construction of Humorous Acts (Anton Nijholt). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 The Role of Humor in Interpersonal Interaction. 2.3 Embodied Conversation Agents. 2.4 Appropriateness of Humorous Acts in Conversations. 2.5 Humorous Acts and Computational Humor. 2.6 Nonverbal Support for Humorous Acts. 2.7 Methods, Tools, Corpora, and Future Research. 2.8 Conclusions. References. 3 Why Emotions should be Integrated into Conversational Agents (Christian Becker, Stefan Kopp, and Ipke Wachsmuth). 3.1 Introduction and Motivation. 3.2 How to Conceptualize Emotions. 3.3 Why to Integrate Emotions into Conversational Agents. 3.4 Making the Virtual Human Max Emotional. 3.5 Examples and Experiences. 3.6 Conclusions. References. 4 More Than Just a Friendly Phrase: Multimodal Aspects of Polite Behavior in Agents (Matthias Rehm and Elisabeth Andre) 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 The Augsburg SEMMEL Corpus. 4.3 Employing the Results for ECA Control. 4.4 Evaluating Multimodal Politeness Behavior. 4.5 Conclusions. References. 5 Attentional Behaviors as Nonverbal Communicative Signals in Situated Interactions with Conversational Agents (Yukiko I. Nakano and Toyoaki Nishida). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Related Work. 5.3 Nonverbal Grounding using Attentional Behaviors Towards the Physical World. 5.4 Dialogue Management using Attentional Behaviors Towards the Virtual World. 5.5 Conclusions. References. 6 Attentional Gestures in Dialogues Between People and Robots (Candace L. Sidner and Christopher Lee). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Background and Related Research. 6.3 A Conversational Robot. 6.4 Looking Behaviors for the Robot. 6.5 Nodding at the Robot. 6.6 Lessons Learned. 6.7 Future Directions. References. 7 Dialogue Context for Visual Feedback Recognition (Louis-Philippe Morency, Candace L. Sidner, and Trevor Darrell). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Background and Related Research. 7.3 Context for Visual Feedback. 7.4 Context from Dialogue Manager. 7.5 Framework for Context-based Gesture Recognition. 7.6 Contextual Features. 7.7 Context-based Head Gesture Recognition. 7.8 Conclusions. References. 8 Trading Spaces: How Humans and Humanoids Use Speech and Gesture to Give Directions (Stefan Kopp, Paul A. Tepper, Kimberley Ferriman, Kristina Striegnitz, and Justine Cassell). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Words and Gestures for Giving Directions. 8.3 Relationship between Form and Meaning of Iconic Gestures in Direction-giving. 8.4 Discussion of Empirical Results. 8.5 Generating Directions with Humanoids. 8.6 Multimodal Microplanning. 8.7 Surface Realization. 8.8 Discussion of Generation Results. 8.9 Conclusions. References. 9 Facial Gestures: Taxonomy and Application of Nonverbal, Nonemotional Facial Displays for Embodied Conversational Agents (Goranka Zoric, Karlo Smid, and Igor S. Pandzic). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Facial Gestures for Embodied Conversational Agents. 9.3 Example of a Practical System Implementation. 9.4 Results. 9.5 Conclusions. References. Part II Conversational Contents. 10 Conversation Quantization and Sustainable Knowledge Globe (Hidekazu Kubota, Yasuyuki Sumi, and Toyoaki Nishida). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Conversation Quantization. 10.3 Knowledge Landscape. 10.4 Experiments. 10.5 Discussion. 10.6 Conclusions. References. 11 Automatic Text Presentation for the Conversational Knowledge Process (Sadao Kurohashi, Daisuke Kawahara, Nobuhiro Kaji, and Tomohide Shibata). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Current State of Natural Language Processing. 11.3 Unit of Conversation: the Knowledge Card. 11.4 P