Doing Philosophy: An Introduction Through Thought Experiments

摘要

PrefaceCHAPTER 1 Philosophical EnterpriseSection 1.1 Explaining the Possibility of the Impossible: Philosophical Problems and TheoriesPhilosophical ProblemsThe Stakes in Philosophical InquiryThe Mind-Body ProblemThe Problem of Free WillThe Problem of Personal IdentityThe Problem of Moral RelativismThe Problem of EvilThe Problem of SkepticismNecessary and Sufficient ConditionsSocrates and the Socratic MethodScience and the Scientific MethodLogical versus Causal PossibilitySection 1.2 Evidence and Inference: Proving your PointDeductive ArgumentsInductive ArgumentsInformal FallaciesSection 1.3 Laboratory of the Mind: Thought ExperimentsHow Thought Experiments Possible?Criticizing Thought ExperimentsConceivability and PossibilityScientific Thought ExperimentsReadings:C. J. Ducasse, The Place of in a University EducationBrand Blanshard, The Philosophic EnterpriseRobert Nozick, Philosophy as an Art FormCHAPTER 2 Mind-Body ProblemSection 2.1 Ghost in the Machine: Mind as SoulDescartes's DoubtI Think, Therefore I AmThe Conceivability ArgumentThe Divisibility ArgumentThe Causal Impotence of the MentalThe Causal Closure of the PhysicalThe Problem of Other MindsSection 2.2 You What You Eat: Mind as BodyEmpiricismLogical PositivismLogical BehaviorismThe Identity TheorySection 2.3 I, Robot: Mind as SoftwareArtificial IntelligenceFunctionalism and FeelingThe Turing TestIntentionalitySection 2.4 There Ain't No Such Thing as Ghosts: Mind as MythFolk PsychologySubjective KnowledgeSection 2.5 Whole is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts: Mind as QualityPrimitive IntentionalityMental DependenceDownward CausationReadings:Rene Descartes, on First Philosophy: Meditations I and IIRichard Taylor, Materialism vs. DualismAlan Turing, The Imitation GameDavid Chalmers, The Puzzle of Concious ExperienceThomas D. Davis, Strange BehaviorCHAPTER 3 Free Will and DeterminismSection 3.1 Luck of the Draw: Freedom as ChanceHard DeterminismIndeterminismSection 3.2 Mother of Invention: Freedom as NecessityTraditional CompatibilismHierarchical CompatibilismSection 3.3 Control Yourself: Freedom as Self-DeterminationThe Case for FreedomAgent-CausationReadings:Robert Blatchford, The Delusion of Free WillW. T. Stace, The Problem of Free WillRobert Nozick, Choice and IndeterminismThomas D. Davis, Please Don't Tell Me How the Story EndsCHAPTER 4 Problem of Personal IdentitySection 4.1 We Such Stuff as Dreams are Made On: Self as SubstanceAnimalismThe Soul TheorySection 4.2 Golden Memories: Self as PsycheThe Memory TheoryThe Reduplication ProblemSection 4.3 You Can't Step into the Same River Twice: Self as ProcessThe Brain TheorySplit BrainsClosest Continuer TheoriesIdentity and What Matters in SurvivalIdentity and What Matters in ResponsibilityExplaining the SelfReadings:John Locke, Of Identity and DiversityThomas Reid, On Mr. Locke's Account of Personal IdentityDerek Parfit, Divided Minds and the Nature of PersonsRay Kurzweil, Live ForeverCHAPTER 5 Problem of Relativism and MoralitySection 5.1 Don't Question Authority: Might Makes RightSubjective AbsolutismSubjective RelativismEmotivismCultural RelativismThe Divine Command TheoryAre There Universal Moral Principles?Section 5.2 End Justifies the Means: Makes RightEthical EgoismAct-UtilitarianismRule-UtilitarianismSection 5.3 Much Obliged: Duty Makes RightKant's Categorical ImperativeRoss's Prima Facie DutiesRawls's ContractarianismNozick's LibertarianismThe Social ContractThe Ethics of CareMaking Ethical DecisionsSection 5.4 Character is Destiny: Virtue Makes RightThe Virtuous UtilitarianThe Virtuous KantianThe Purpose of MoralityAristotle on VirtueMacIntyre on VirtueVirtue EthicsReadings:W. T. Stace, Are Ethical Values Relative?Jeremy Bentham, Of the Principle of UtilityImmanuel Kant, Good Will, Duty, and the Categorical ImperativeJohn Rawls, The Original Position and JustificationUrsula K. Leguin, The Ones Who Walk Away from OmelasCHAPTER 6 Problem of Evil and the Existence of GodSection 6.1 Mysterious Universe: as Creato