Promoting Security in Common Domains

摘要

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. See National Intelligence Council, “Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World,” November 2008, http://www.dni.gov/nic/PDF_2025/2025_Global_Trends_Final_Report.pdf and U.S. Joint Forces Command, “Joint Operating Environment 201,” February 2010, http://www.dni.gov/nic/PDF_2025/2025_Global_Trends_Final_Report.pdf. 2. See Department of Defense (DOD), “Quadrennial Defense Review,” February 2010, pp. 8–9, http://www.defense.gov/QDR/images/QDR_as_of_12Feb10_1000.pdf and Robert M. Gates, speech, U.S. Naval War College, Newport, RI, April 17, 2009, http://www.defense.gov/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=1346. 3. Such dynamics are clearly at play in contemporary conflicts, such as in Afghanistan, Iraq, and the 2006 Lebanon war. High resolution satellite imagery (less than 1 meter resolution) is commercially available. 4. For example, in July 2009, India became the sixth nation to field a nuclear-powered submarine. See Lydia Polgreen, “India Launches Nuclear Submarine,” New York Times, July 27, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/27/world/asia/27india.html. DOD has assessed that while China's emerging military capabilities have allowed it to contribute cooperatively in areas such as peacekeeping, humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, and counterpiracy, some of these capabilities, as well as other, more disruptive ones, could allow it to project power to ensure access to resources or enforce claims to disputed territories. See Office of the Secretary of Defense, “Annual Report to Congress: Military Power of the People's Republic of China,” 2009, p. 1. http://www.defense.gov/pubs/pdfs/China_Military_Power_Report_2009.pdf. 5. See Joseph Nye, “Recovering American Leadership,” Survival 50, no. 1 (February–March 2008): 55–68. 6. See Hillary Rodham Clinton, “Remarks on Internet Freedom” (speech, Washington, D.C., January 21, 2010), http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/01/135519.htm (hereinafter Clinton's remarks on Internet freedom) and Gates views on the importance of security in the global commons can be found in both the 2010 Quadrennial Defense Review, p. 8 and the DOD, “National Defense Strategy,” June 2008, pp. 6, 16, http://www.defense.gov/news/2008%20National%20Defense%20Strategy.pdf. 7. Ernest May, ed., American Cold War Strategy: Interpreting NSC 68 (New York: St. Martins, 1993), p. 41. 8. Some of the difference can likely be attributed to much better space surveillance capabilities that exist today relative to 1980. Objects in orbit today include over 1,100 active satellites, 10,000 pieces of space debris, 3,700 dead satellites and rocket pieces, and 5,700 unknown objects. There are many more thousands of objects less than ten cm in diameter that can pose threats to spacecraft. See prepared testimony of Lt. Gen. Larry James before the Subcommittee on Strategic Forces, Senate Armed Services Committee, March 10, 2010, http://armed-services.senate.gov/statemnt/2010/03%20March/James%2003-10-10.pdf. 9. See Marc Kaufman, “U.S. Finds It's Getting Crowded Out There,” Washington Post, July 9, 2008, p. A1, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/08/AR2008070803185.html. 10. See Joseph Kahn, “China Confirms Test of Anti-Satellite Weapon,” New York Times, January 23, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/23/world/asia/23cnd-china.html. 11. When completed, the Galileo constellation will offer an alternative to the U.S. Global Positioning System (GPS) constellation that broadcasts signals allowing for precision positioning, timing, and navigation. 12. See Nazila Fathi and William Broad, “Iran Launches Satellite as U.S. Takes Wary Note,” New York Times, February 3, 2009, p. A1, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/04/world/middleeast/04iran.html and Blaine Harden, “N. Korea Puts Launch in Innocuous Terms,” Washington Post, February 25, 2009, p. A11, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/24/AR2009022400324.html. 13. See Eric Sterner, “Beyond t